结构与解构:基于文本的悖论与统一

结构主义和解构主义作为文学批评理论,均以符号语言学为基础,两者的悖论集中体现在对文本的态度上:前者强调文本的内部结构;后者强调对文本的拆分和读者的阐释权。两者在共同的语言学基础上形成了错综复杂的关系:前者催生了后者;后者是对前者的继承、扬弃和否定。以辩证的和历史的观点来分析,两者均为文学批评提供了新的方法论,拓宽了文学批评的视野,但与此同时又都走向了极端:前者过分强调抽象的文本中心性,后者过分强调读者对文本的阐释自由,最终使两者都进入了无法自圆其说的误区。从一定意义上讲,海明威的“冰山理论”可以印证两者的辩证统一关系,即必须在不脱离文本的基础上去考虑读者的阐释权。只有正确认识两者之间存在的悖论及其辩证统一关系,才能在文学批评的实践中把握好“度”,从思辨达到思变,进而推动文学批评理论的发展。

Structuralism and Deconstruction:Both a Paradox and Unity Based on the Text

As the theories of literary criticism,both structuralism and deconstruction are based on symbolic linguistics.The former emphasizes the inner structure of the text while the latter both breaks up the text and emphasizes the readers' right to explain it.The paradox is embodied in their attitude toward the text.But both of them,based on linguistics,have a very close relationship: the former gave birth to the latter while the latter was inherited from,but has sublated and negated the former.To analyze with the dialectical and historical points of view,both of the two have supplied new methodology for literary criticism and broadened the scope in this field and at the same time both have fallen into their extremes: the former overemphasizes the centrality of the text while the latter the readers' breaking up of the text and their right to explain the text so that both of them can hardly justify themselves in the end.Hemingway's "iceberg theory",to some extent,can be applied to demonstrate the dialectical and unified relationship between structuralism and deconstruction,that's to say,to consider the readers' right to explain the text based only on the understanding of the original text.Only by recognizing the relationship of the paradox and the unity between the two,can we adopt the correct criteria of literary criticism,and reach the goal of seeking change from discrimination,thus pushing forward the development of literary criticism.