Leadership across levels: Levels of leaders and their levels of impact |
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| Authors: | Leslie A DeChurch Nathan J Hiller Toshio Murase Daniel Doty Eduardo Salas |
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| Institution: | a Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA;b Department of Management and International Business, Florida International University, USA;c Department of Psychology & Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, USA |
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| Abstract: | This article assesses 25 years of empirical leadership research in 11 top journals with the goal of understanding current practice and future needs for drawing solid conclusions about leadership at different hierarchical levels of the organization, as well as leadership’s effects on individuals, teams, units and organizations. We summarize the hierarchical level of leader and outcome level of analysis studied in different theoretical perspectives on leadership (traits, behavioral, transformational, LMX, strategic, shared) and by journal outlet. Among our findings, we observe that significantly less attention has been devoted to team- and unit-level emergent processes and outcomes, despite its conceptual relevance for leadership theory and practice. Four critical opportunities for advancing leadership science are presented. |
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| Keywords: | Leadership Levels of analysis Team Transformational LMX Strategic management Emergent process |
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