南宋吴家将弓弩战术再探

弓弩,曾是宋朝与北方草原游牧骑兵交战中的主要兵器。南宋吴家将在宋夏及宋金战役中积累了丰富的作战经验,对灵活使用“弓”“弩”作战有过较为深刻的认识和体验,遂对以往弓弩战术进行了改良和提升。吴玠组建“驻队矢”使用弓弩“番休迭射”,个体操作弓弩,梯队轮番交换射击,主动出击作战。吴璘发明“叠阵法”组合使用长枪和弓弩,缩短弓弩有效射程,将弓弩战术发挥到淋漓尽致;并且以拒马设障、两翼骑兵护卫,完成阵型灵活变换。吴家将这种以运动战及动静变形阻击战为指导思想的弓弩战术,不仅取得和尚原之战、仙人关之战的胜利,阻断金人入川的计划,有效确保了南宋偏安东南政权的安全,并且为后世弓弩战术的开发和利用提供了借鉴的可能。

Restudy on the Crossbow Tactics of the Wu Brothers in Southern Song Dynasty

Bow and arrow was once the main weapon in the battle between the Song Dynasty and the northern grassland nomads.The Wu brothers accumulated rich operational experience in the Song Xia and Song Jin campaigns,and had a deeper understanding and experience of the flexible use of “bow” and “arrow” combat,and improved this tactic in the past.Wu Jie created “Zhuduishi” to use the bow and arrow to “Fanxudieshe”,which means individuals operated the crossbow,the echelon rotation exchanged to shoot,and took the initiative to fight.Wu Lin invented the “Multilayer Array Method” combination by using long guns,bows and arrows to shorten the effective range of the bow and the arrow,which gave full play to the crossbow tactics.He also set up obstacles to block the enemy cavalry and two-wing cavalry guards to complete flexible formation changes.This tactic not only achieved the victory of the Battle of Heshangyuan and the Battle of Xianrenguan,blocked the Jin Dynastys plan to invade Sichuan,effectively ensured the security of the Southern Song Dynasty,but also provided the possibility for the development and utilization of the cold weapons of the later generations.