中国国有企业改制与职工收入分配——光正公司和创大公司的案例研究

现有研究文献对中国国有企业收入分配机制和格局变化的讨论主要集中在宏观或结构的层次上 ,很少涉及到微观层面。本文利用山东省的两个企业的职工样本数据 ,对企业股份制改造前后企业内部的工资和收入分配的特点及其变化进行了经验分析 ,对收入差距的变化进行了测量 ,从而发现企业改制后职工的工资和收入的分配差距有非常明显的扩大 ,其中一个重要的因素是分红收入对收入差距所产生的扩大效应。另一个经验发现是改制后的企业更加强调职务变量对工资和收入的决定作用 ,这既表现在经营者从持大股中获取高额的分红收入 ,也表现在他们较高的职务工资和补贴上。我们还发现 ,两个企业的分配机制有所不同 ,一个企业更加注重人力资本中教育水平的作用 ,一个企业更加注重人力资本中工作经验的作用。这样一种分配机制的差异究竟会对企业效率和职工收入增长产生何种效应 ,仅仅根据两个企业案例的研究是无法做出检验的 ,因而需要作进一步的研究

System Reform in China's National Enterprises,and Distribution of Workers' Income

The discussions on China's national enterprises' income distribution mechanism and on its pattern change which are devoted in the available literature of research, are concentrated mainly on macroeconomics and very few on microeconomics. In this article we, by the sample data collected in two enterprises in Shandong Province, have made a case study of the characteristics of and changes in the wages and income distribution within the enterprises before and after the reform of carrying out joint stock system, and measured the change in income gap, to find that the wage gap and income distribution gap between workers after the said reform are obviously widened because of many factors, of which an important one is the amplified effect of profit-sharing income upon income gap. Another discovery is that the enterprises after the reform have put more emphases on the decisive role that decides the change in wages and other income played by changes in position, a fact which finds expression in the managers' obtaining a large amount of profit-sharing income by holding a lot more shares as well as in managers' high position salary and subsidy and allowance. We have also discovered that the distribution systems in the two enterprises are different in that one places more stress on the function play by the education level in human capital and the other on working experiences. But what kind of effects this difference in distribution can generate on the enterprise's efficiency and the growth of workers' income we can not tell and test and verify only by the case study of the two enterprises investigated; to fulfill this task we need further study.