乾隆朝军机处与奏折的处理——以《乾隆朝上谕档》为核心的考察

军机处为清代独创之政治机构,其初始不过是出于保密目的而设的一个临时性办事,后逐渐演变为参与决策的中枢机构。处理奏折成为军机处日常承办之事,便是军机处发生如此转变的关键,这也是军机处权力之所在。军机处在奏折的运作过程中发挥了三种作用:咨询、转递、批答审核。厘清此点,对于认识军机处的权力及其在清廷中枢决策中所发挥的作用具有十分重要的意义。

Junjichu and the replying zouzhe in the time of emperor Qianlong——reviewing focus on "the Shangyudang of emperor Qianlong"

Initially,Junjichu is a political organization that was created by The Qing dynasty to keep military secret.At the beginning,Junjichu was just a provisional organization,then it became a main center authority organization of the government of The Qing dynasty.The decisive transformation of Junjichu is in charge of the official replying to Zouzhe,by which Junjichu influenced the government affair.There were three forms by which Junjichu participated in replying Zouzhe : answering the questions the emperors asked in the replying zouzhe;dispenseing Zouzhe to other department of the government;replying Zouzhe and inspecting the Zhupi(the words written in red by the emperors).It is import for us to understand the power and the influence of Junjichu in the process of the decision-making.