第二次鸦片战争前后清政府条约观演变研究

第二次鸦片战争结束后,清政府不仅被迫与英法美俄签订城下之盟,还要面对德国、比利时、葡萄牙等国来华请订商约,中外不平等条约关系进一步扩大。在议立和修订条约的过程中,清政府逐渐深化条约认识、调整对外政策,条约观呈现从排斥“要盟”到严格信守、“羁縻驭夷”到条约体制、“惠及远人”到力挽利权的转变态势,商约观念亦随之萌生,由是表现出近代东西方国际秩序间的矛盾与交融,以及中国外交体制从传统向近代化的艰难转型。

Research on the Evolution of the Qing Government's Treaty View Before and After the Second Opium War

After the end of the Second Opium War, the Qing government was not only forced to sign unequal treaties, but also faced requests from Germany, Belgium, Portugal and other countries to conclude commercial treaties. As a result, the unequal treaty relationship between China and foreign countries has been further expanded.During this period of foreign affairs, the Qing government strengthened its understanding of treaties, changed its concept of interests, and adjusted its diplomatic countermeasures, which led to a change in its view of treaties:from rejecting treaties to strictly abiding by them, from traditional diplomacy to modern diplomacy, from comfort measures to safeguarding national power.The concept of diplomacy reacts to diplomatic practice, and promotes China''s demands to boycott and even revise unequal treaties. This interaction not only highlights the contradiction and fusion between the modern East and West international orders, but also illustrates the transition process of China''s diplomatic system from traditional to modern.