涉外信托中的法律识别问题探析

识别是一种确定具体事实与抽象规范的对应关系的认识过程,也是寻找涉外民事关系冲突规范的逻辑前提。信托作为一项起源于英美法系的独特法律制度,在法律理念的构造上与大陆法系存在显著的不同,需要经过复杂的比较甄别才能够相对准确地识别出争议案件的类型归属,据连接因素之指引,找出用以规范涉外信托关系的准据法。因此,识别在涉外信托的法律适用中至关重要。鉴于信托制度的独特内涵,信托识别的范围应包括对事实的认定以及冲突规范中"范围"和"系属"的解释等方面的内容。针对信托识别中的冲突,应根据法院地国对信托制度的态度,分别采取法院地法或准据法作为识别标准。同时,根据私法中的意思自治原则,提出了制定信托统一示范规则,并通过当事人合意选法的方式在具体案件中实现信托规范的统一,进而解决信托识别中存在的一系列难题。

Analysis on the Issues of Characterization to Foreign-Related Trusts

Characterization is a recognition process of private international law that defines the corresponding relationship between specific issues and abstract norms, and it is also the prerequisite to find the conflict rules of foreign-related civil relations.As a unique institution originating from Anglo -American Legal system, trusts is very different from the similar institutions of Continental Legal system in the construction of legal concepts, so it need a complicated distinguishing work to identify the classification of controversial cases, and only through characterization, would the applicable law be fixed according to the guidance of connecting points.Therefore, characterization plays a significant role in the application of laws.In view of the trusts’ unique characteristic, the scope of its characterization should include the factual determinations and interpretation to the category and attribution of the conflict rules.As to the conflict existing in the characterization of trusts, the author thinks that applying different criteria in the light of the different forums’ attitudes to the trusts is a wisdom choice.Meanwhile, according to the principle of party autonomy in private law, the author suggests that in order to resolve the difficult question of conflicts of characterization to trusts, it is a better choice to enact a worldwide unified model trusts’ law or to get the unification in the specific cases via the agreement to lex voluntatis.