宋代"钱荒"成因再探

按照学界关于钱荒成因的传统看法,导致宋代钱荒的根本原因是商品交换规模扩大和细碎性贱金属货币的支付能力有限这样一个矛盾。如果这一判断成立,则钱荒将主要表现在长途贩运性大额贸易之中;然而历史实际表明,宋代长途贩运可以使用交子、钱引、钞引、银锭等支付手段,钱荒主要还是表现在基层市场的细碎性贸易中。至于铜钱向官府集中,同时在民间(富豪)沉淀,又往海外流失,则是导致钱荒的直接原因。然而,宋代铜钱的钱面值(名义价值)小于其币材值(实际价值),导致铜钱不断退出流通领域,乃是造成上述状况的深层原因。而两宋政府逆历史潮流而动的"钱禁"和"铜禁"法令则加剧了钱荒和铜荒的程度。中唐以降愈演愈烈的钱荒问题,要到明中叶以白银为主币的贵金属货币体系取代此前以铜钱为主币的贱金属货币体系时方才得以解决。

A Probe of the Monetary Shortage in the Song Dynasty

According to scholars on the traditional causes of the shortage of money views,resulting in the Song Dynasty money shortage is the fundamental reason for the exchange of goods and minor expansion of the size of the monetary base metals limited capacity to pay such a contradiction.If this judgment,then the money shortage will be mainly manifested in the trafficking of large amounts of long-distance trade,However,the reality of history that can be used in Song Dynasty long-distance cross-trafficking,money primers,the bill primersand other means of payment,the major money shortage market show at the grassroots level in the minor trade.As for the coins stepped forward to focus on,while civil(Regal) precipitation,overseas wastage,it is leading to the direct cause of the money shortage.However,the face value of the money the Song Dynasty coins(nominal value) of less than build its currency value(real value),resulting in the withdrawal from circulation of coins,is the result of deep-seated causes of the above-mentioned conditions.The most outstanding government against the historical trend and the "money ban" and "copper ban" law,the money shortage is exacerbated by the extent and copper shortage.Tang down in the growing problem of shortage of money to that by the middle of a silver-based currency system coins,precious metals coins mainly to replace the previous base metal coins of the currency system is only be resolved.