Conditional imtorence about an existing universe from independent interpenetrating samples

This paper is essentially an explanation of how the fundamental concepts of andkrity and conditioaality apply to the data of sample surveys that are carried out by the method of mterpeaetoting samples. The resultkg theory is iMustraled by an kterestiag example on deriving exact statements of conditional probability limits for a laear estimand with data from an agricultural sample survey. The paper also suggests that the study of modem statistical inference may profit from an appreciation of the Syadvada lope of ancient India.