论顺治帝的"自罪"帝王观念

顺治帝“自罪”帝王观念是儒家帝王思想、天人感应理论与清初的政治局势共同作用的产物。它有两个基本内容:一是认同古代帝王“以一人治天下,不以天下奉一人”的信条,认为自己是天下共主、公众利益的代表,有责任使天下太平,“一夫不获,罪在朕躬”。二是相信“天人感应”、“变不虚生”,天灾人祸“皆由人事”。这种观念对其政治人格、政治统治和施政方式产生了不容忽视的影响。就罪己的真诚和深刻程度而言,他又胜于汉唐宋明诸帝,其自罪观念和行为成就了他勤政、开明的帝王品格,也构成了清初特有的政治风格。但过多的自责自罪在一定程度上削弱了他作为帝王应有的尊严,日益滋长的罪错感也使他渐渐丧失治理国家的自信。

On Emperor Shunzhi's Reigning Concept of Self-Blame

The Confucian idea of reigning,the idea of the resonance between heaven and human,and the challenging situation in the early Qing Dynasty resulted in Emperor Shunzhi's reigning concept of Self-blame.This concept can be observed in two ways.Firstly,the emperor identified himself with the age-old doctrine of that "the emperor is the sole ruler of the nation,but should not be served by the whole nation",and was convinced that an emperor should take the responsibility of the whole country to lead a peaceful life,and should "feel guilty if a man's need is not satisfied".Secondly,he had convictions that "heaven resonates with human","every change is motivated",and any disaster can be traced back to the human being's behavior.This concept had remarkable effects on his political personality and manners of ruling.In terms of his understanding of self-blame,he surpassed all the emperors in the previous dynasties.His sense of self-blame contributed to the formation of his diligence and competence in ruling,and gave birth to the unique political features in the early Qing Dynasty.However,undue emphasis on self-blame weakened his dignity as an emperor in a sense,and the ever-growing sense of guilty eroded his confidence in his reign.