"道不可言"与"境生象外"——庄子语言哲学及其对意境论的影响

庄子语言哲学存在着一个道、意、物、言的四元结构,在这个四元结构中,道与言的关系处于核心地位。在道与言的关系问题上,庄子坚持道不可言论。庄子语言哲学的四元结构和“道不可言”论对中国诗学、美学中的意境论产生了深远的影响。它不仅影响着诗学意境论对“意”的最初理解,而且也规定着意境论中“境”的原初含义,并直接导引和促生了“境生象外”的哲学、诗学命题。从诗学意境论产生的源发哲学语境看,“意境”即“道境”,“道境”是“道”开辟出来的无限精神空间,具有鲜明的宇宙本体论意义。从庄子语言哲学入手重新认识意境问题,有助于矫正把意境简单地界定为“情景交融”的偏差,而把意境的当代阐释导向更加合理的“道”、“情”、“物”、“象”的完美统一。

he Unutteable Tao and the Artistic Conception Beyond the ImageZhuangzi's Philosophy of Language and its Effect on Artistic Conception Theory

There exists a four-element construction in Zhuangzi's philsophy of language of Tao,conception,matters and words,in which the relation between the Tao and the words is in the key position.As to the relationship of Tao and words,Zhuangzi insisted that the Tao is unutterable.The four-element construction in Zhuangzi's philsophy of language and the theory that Tao is unutterable brought about deep effect on the artistic conception theory of Chinese poetics and aesthetics.It not only affected the initial understanding of "the artistic concept" in the artistic conception theory of poetics,but also regulated the original meaning of "realm" of artistic conception theory,and it directly led to and promoted the philosophical and poetics proposition that the artistic conception is beyond the image.From the point of view that the artistic conception of poetics comes from the philosophical concept,we can see that "the artistic conception" is "the state of Tao" which is the infinite mental world opened up by "Tao" and has the distinct meaning of the cosmic ontology.Relearning the artistic concept from Zhuangzi's philsophy of language helps to rectify the deviation to simply define the artistic concept as "scenery depicted and emotions expressed in perfect harmony",so the contemporary interpretation of the artistic concept may tends to be a more rational and perfect unity of "Tao","emotion","matters"and "image".