动态环境下联盟竞合、治理机制与创新绩效的关系研究

本文从竞合视角审视联盟组合,结合动态关系观探讨有效的联盟治理机制,揭示了联盟组合中竞合关系(横向竞合、纵向竞合)、治理机制(契约治理、关系治理)和创新绩效之间的关系,并考察了动态环境特征(技术波动、竞争强度)的二次调节作用。在不同的竞合关系中,由于合作和竞争的强度不同,契约治理与关系治理机制的作用也存在差异,同时,治理机制与创新绩效之间的关系也受到两种不同环境动态性特征的影响。研究结果显示,在纵向竞合中,运用关系治理比运用契约治理能更好地提升创新绩效,技术波动正向调节契约治理、关系治理与创新绩效间的关系。在横向竞合中,运用契约治理比运用关系治理有效,竞争强度加强了契约治理对创新绩效的影响,即关系治理在波动的环境中更有效,契约治理在竞争的环境中更有效。本文为企业开展研发联盟组合管理提供了新的视角和管理对策。

Research on the Relationship between Alliance Coopetition,Governance Mechanism and Innovation Performance Under Dynamic Environment

In response to rapid technological change and accelerating innovation, firms build alliances with different organizations in the ecosystem to carry out R&D cooperation. There are cooperative intentions and competitive pressures among different types of alliances, and the intensity of competition varies from one another. Different strengths and weaknesses of competition and cooperation lead to differences in effectiveness of selected governance mechanisms. The effective governance of the coopetition relationship has also became an important issue concerned by scholars. To promote alliance innovation performance, scholars have studied the effective development of alliance governance, however, there is still a lack of research on the effectiveness of the governance mechanism of alliance portfolio relationship in different situations. Based on this, this paper takes the dynamic relational views as the theoretical basis, examines alliance portfolio from the perspective of coopetition, and discusses how to choose alliance governance mechanism in the context of the degree of dynamics of the external environment and the strength of competition and cooperation.According to the theory of coopetition, we divides the coopetition relationship in alliance portfolio into horizontal coopetition and vertical coopetition based on the differences of cooperative intention and intensity of competition. Vertical coopetition refers to the competition and cooperation between the focus firms, suppliers and customers, while horizontal coopetition refers to the competition and cooperation between the focus firms and their competitors. In addition, the interaction between competition and cooperation in different types of coopetition relationship are also distinct, resulting in the difference in the intensity of cooperation and competition, which determines the importance and effectiveness of different governance mechanisms. Furthermore, according to the dynamic relationship views, changes in the external environment will also affect the interaction between cooperation and competition, technological turbulence and competitive intensity create important boundary conditions, which strengthen or weaken the impacts of governance mechanisms on innovation performance in different coopetition relationships. Based on the nature of resource dependence and the degree of opportunism risk in different coopetition relationships, The empirical results of 313 high-tech firms show that in vertical coopetition, the application of relational governance can better improve innovation performance than the application of contractual governance, and technological turbulence positively regulate the relationship between contractual governance,relational governance and innovation performance. In the horizontal coopetition, the application of contractual governance is more effective than that of relational governance, and competitive intensity strengthens the effect of contractual governance on innovation performance. In other words, relational governance is more effective in a fluctuating environment,while contractual governance is more effective in a competitive environment.This paper mainly contributes to the theory of alliance portfolio and coopetition in three aspects: firstly, the research divides the coopetition relationship between focus firms and partners into horizontal coopetition and vertical coopetition, expanding the application of coopetition relationship in the context of alliance governance. Secondly, this study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing different dimensions of dynamic environment, and identifies the action scenarios of technological turbulence and competitive intensity. Thirdly, it discusses the multiple situations of relational governance and contractual governance, supplements the application of relationship view in dynamic environment and the theoretical basis of coopetition literature, and provides suggestions for fims to manage different coopetition relationships.