部分信息下生鲜农产品采购外包问题研究

针对生鲜农产品的固有属性导致的采购风险,以及企业将一些业务如物流、采购等外包给第三方物流企业(3PL,Third Party Logistics),从而专注于自身核心业务发展的现实,建立了零售商和3PL的博弈模型,对比分析了部分需求信息下3PL采购和零售商采购对零售商和3PL的最优决策、利润,以及供应链系统利润的影响。研究表明,当正向需求风险较大时,3PL对生鲜农产品实际需求的判断较准确;当需求风险较小时,零售商对生鲜农产品实际需求的判断较准确。研究还发现,在绝大部分情况下,3PL采购对供应链系统是不利的。只有当正向需求风险很大,或生鲜农产品损耗率非常大,或损失分担比例很高时,3PL采购才能够增加供应链系统的利润。然而,在3PL采购提高供应链系统利润的条件下,3PL的利润低于同等条件下零售商采购时的利润。建议此时零售商通过采取返还给3PL一定利润的方式来促使3PL同意参与采购管理,以增加零售商、3PL和供应链系统的利润,提高供应链的竞争力。

Study on the Outsourcing of Fresh Agricultural Products under Partial Information

In the absence of market demand information, the inherent properties of metamorphism, short life cycle and small residual value of fresh agricultural products bring great risk to retailers who sell fresh agricultural products. Retailers outsource procurement business to third-party logistics companies with close business relations therewith. It can not only transfer its procurement risk, but also make 3PL obtain certain business. Based on this, a game model between retailers and 3PL is established, to compare and analyze the influence of 3PL purchasing and retailer purchasing on the optimal decision and profit of retailer and 3PL as well as the profit of supply chain system under partial demand information. The results show that the judgment of the actual demand of 3PL on fresh agricultural products is more accurate when the forward direction demand risk is high. When the demand risk is small, the judgment of the actual demand of retailers on fresh agricultural products is more accurate. It is also found that in most cases, 3PL procurement is unfavorable to the supply chain system. Only when the forward direction demand risk is very high, or the consumption rate of fresh agricultural products is very large, or the loss sharing ratio is very high, can the 3PL procurement increase the profit of the supply chain system. However, the profit of 3PL is lower than that of retailer under the condition that the procurement increases the profit of supply chain system. It is suggested that retailers should adopt the method of returning 3PL profits to encourage 3PL to participate in purchasing management, so as to increase the profits of retailers, 3PL and supply chain system and improve the competitiveness of supply chain.