"开放性问题"论证:反驳与辩护——当代西方元伦理学的走向

20世纪初,直觉主义者摩尔以"开放性问题"的论证来反对自然主义用自然性质给"善"下定义,主张"善"只能靠直觉去把握.但因为"直觉"难以言明,所以不能彻底驳倒自然主义.其后的非认知主义者黑尔通过揭示道德语言的用法,强调评价功能是道德语言的特殊性,为"开放性问题"的论证提供新辩护.作为应对,自然主义者既通过"性质综合同一性定义"的理论继续反驳该论证,又揭示了非道德语词也可能具有的评价功能,回应了非认知主义的批评,以新自然主义的方式再度复兴.在关于"开放性问题"论证的长期争论过程中,西方元伦理学的各流派此起彼伏,纷至沓来,形成了西方元伦理学百家争鸣的局面.全面把握上述论争和走向,对于国内元伦理学的发展具有借鉴意义.

The Refutation and Vindication of "Open Question" Argument: Trend in Contemporary Western Meta - ethics

In the early 20th century,Moore,a representative figure of intuitionalism,refuted the naturalistic practice of defining goodaccording to natural properties with the open question argument,and proposed that 'good'can only be attained by intuition.Subsequently,Hare,a non-cognitivist,provided a new vindication for this argument by clarifying through his research on the usage of moral language that the particularity of moral language lies in its evaluative function.In response,the naturalists presented new poin...