论明代中期走私贸易兴起的原因

明清以降很多学者都认为福建人多地少、海禁、贪污腐败等因素是导致明中期走私贸易兴起的主要原因，但结构主义经济学认为这些都属于恒量因素，不会引发社会经济的剧变。明中期出现的最重要的变量因素是以“赋役征银”为核心的财政改革，但由于市场经济发展不完善，货币供应不充分，普通百姓手中无银，为寻找白银缴纳赋税，他们冲破海禁，奔向海外，开启了艰难的“贸银之旅”。由此可见“赋役征银”才是走私贸易兴起的根本原因，而葡萄牙人东来与日本银矿的发现则是外因。同时，这也说明16世纪中国参与全球化进程是主动的，而非被动的。 

Discussing the Reasons for the Rise of Smuggling Trade in the Mid-Ming Dynasty

Many scholars of the Ming and Qing Dynasties believe that the main reasons for the rise of smuggling trade in the mid-Ming Dynasty are land shortage, sea ban and other factors, but the structuralism economists believe that these factors are constant factors and will not lead to social and economic upheaval. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the most important variable factor was the fiscal reform centered on the policy of paying taxes with silver. However, due to the insufficient development of market economy, the insufficient money supply and the lack of silver, the ordinary people broke through the sea ban and started a difficult journey of trading silver for paying taxes. Therefore, we believe that the policy of paying taxes with silver is the fundamental reason for the rise of smuggling trade, while the Portuguese moving eastward and the discovery of Japanese silver mines are the external cause. At the same time, it also shows that China's participation in the process of globalization in the sixteenth century was active rather than passive.