“朱雀”的形成及与“凤凰”的混淆

先秦两汉时,在同一文献内部,都既有朱鸟,又有凤鸟。朱鸟是南方宿名,表方位;凤凰是灵异之鸟,预太平。只有在《楚辞》及汉墓葬中,朱鸟被赋予灵性,这种富有仙味的意象后来进入道教文化。而在纬书中,预太平的凤鸟,开始与南方之火相配,这成为凤鸟配南方之始,也是二者意象相混的起端。当凤鸟也进入道教,最终实现了二者意义的完全混淆。在道教文献中,凤凰大多已不再是祥瑞,而朱雀也不仅指方位,二者成为性质相同的仙鸟,在修道成仙后会出现。所以,至宋以后的文献注解中,朱雀、凤凰都可指南方,也都是神鸟,已无须辨别。而道教则成为混淆朱雀与凤凰意象的关键环节。

The Formation of Rosefinch and the Confusion of Rosefinch and Phoenix

In the pre - Qin and Han dynasties, there were rosefinch and phoenix in the same document. Rosefinch was thename of stars of South, standing for direction. ？ Phoenix？ was a magical bird, indicating peace. Rosefinch, which entered intoTaoism culture later, was given the spiritual just in Chuci and in the Han tombs. However, phoenix, standing for peace, wasmatched with the fire of the south in the prophetic - mixed literature. This was the beginning of the phoenix with south, and theorigin of image confusion of rosefinch and phoenix. When the phoenix was also integrated into Taoism, they achieved the finalconfusion. In the Taoism literature, phoenix is no longer the auspicious sign, and rosefinch does not just stand for orientation.They become birds of the same nature, appearing after the？ immortal. Therefore, in the Song dynasty literature annotation, therehad not been distinction between rosefinch and phoenix, which are both immortal birds and stand for the south. Taoism culture isthe critical step of confusing the two birds.