论外交保护中的用尽当地救济规则——兼评2006年联合国《外交保护条款草案》

用尽当地救济是外交保护的限制性条件,其法理依据主要为尊重责任国的属地优越权,它是追究国家责任的程序性条件。用尽当地救济不适用于国家遭受直接损害的情况,在国家损害与国民损害的混合请求中,我们应当考虑哪一种请求属于主要要素。当地救济应当是有效和受害者可以寻求的,受害者应当用尽所在国的一切有效的行政和司法救济手段以及程序上的便利。国内求偿与国际求偿在内容上应当具有实质上的一致性。

The Rules on Exhaustion of Local Remedies under Diplomatic Protection:Comment on 2006 "Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection"

Exhaustion of local remedies is a restrictive condition for diplomatic protection,and its main base is respecting the territorial jurisdiction of reliable states.Besides,it is also a procedural condition of investigate the responsibility of states.This rule does not apply to the direct injuries that states suffered.In the mixed injuries,we should make out which claim is the main element.The local remedies should be effective and available for the injured party,and the party should exhaust all the effective administrative and judicial remedies and procedural conveniences in the local state.Domestic claims should be of substantial identity as international claims.