社会权力的构成及其阶段演进特征

政治学关于权力的定义归纳起来有手段说、强制说、能力说和选择说四种,这些定义都没有揭示出权力的组织化特征,未能对“权力的构成”作出回答,难以对权力的运动和阶段划分得出理性的认识。从新的视角看,权力应该是个人或团体以组织化的方式对自然和社会资源进行强制性占有和分配,并为此建立群体认同的人类行为。权力是由利益、组织、规则三种要素构成,这三种要素之间此消彼长的过程,推动着权力沿着从最大化向最小化方向的运动。这一运动过程大致可以分为三个阶段:绝对权力阶段、相对权力阶段、公共权力阶段。绝对权力阶段以组织利益与规则利益的高度重合为特征,相对权力阶段以规则利益高于组织利益为特征,公共权力阶段以非权力组织的高度发育和规则的简约化为特征,并且权力在受到最高程度的制约后(即最小化)将会形成新的社会形态。只有权力受到持续而广泛的制约,个人的发展和人类的解放才能获得广阔的空间。

The Make-up of Social Power and its Feature in Evolution

In politics the definitions of power can be summed up into four aspects,the theory of means,of enforcement,of capability and of choice.But none reveals the systematic characteristics of power,nor gives an answer to the makeup of power.They can hardly be rational recognitions of the movement of power and division of its phases.In a new point of view,power is an individuals or an organizations possession and allocation of natural and social resources in an organized way and is human behavior to set up common recognition.The power composes of interest,organization and rules.The processing of the three factors promotes the development of power from maximum to minimum,which can be divided into three phases,the phase of absolute power,of relative power and of public power.The phase of absolute power is featured by the combination of interests of organization and of the rule,the phase of relative power by the interest of the rule dominating that of organization,and the phase of public power by highly developed none-power organizations and simplification of the rule.When power has been restrained to the maximum degree(or the power minimized),a new form of society will come into being.Only when power has been restrained widely and continuously,can there be broad space for individual development and human emancipation.