再论现代汉语外来词

关于意译词和借形词的身份的确认,应该区别对待:那些被称作"仿译词"的,应当视作外来词,而那些纯意译词,则宜看作是本民族词;借形词的情形极为复杂,其中一部分是外来词,还有一部分实际上是汉民族传承词。音译词是层次最低的一种外来词,它们常常成为外来词定型过程中的初级形式、过渡形式。音译兼意译词则是一种集音译、意译于一身的外来词,个中蕴涵着译者的智慧和灵气,因而往往也成为外来词定型过程的终端。字母词同音译词类似,从理论上讲,应当也是外来词定型过程中属于过渡性质的一站。外来词的汉化现象既表现在词的语音形式上,也表现在词的结构和意义上,有时甚至表现在书写形式上。同汉语本民族词一样,汉语外来词也存在一个规范的问题,内容涉及读音的规范、构词方式的规范和书写形式的规范等。

On Loan Words in Modern Chinese

We may approach the identity confirmation of free translation and form-borrowed translation differently: those imitative translated words should be seen as loan words while the pure free translation as native ones. The case of form-borrowed words is quite complicated, some of which are loan words while others descend from the Han history. Transliterated words, as a low-level loan words, make up the primary or transferring form during the forging of loan words. "Transliterated plus free translated words" are forged by a combination of transliteration and free translation, in which lies the wisdom and spirit of the translators, and tend to be the end of the formation of loan words. Letter words are similar to transliterated words. In theory, they are also a part of the transferring form during the forging process. The domestication of loan words in Chinese is reflected both in pronunciation and structure and meaning of the words, sometimes even in written form. Similar to Chinese, loan words also have a problem of standardization, including standardization of pronunciation, structure and written form.