工程实践之“是”与“应当”的统一——对工程伦理研究的自然主义方法的反思

自然主义方法预设工程实践之“是”与“应当”的同一，这一理论思想对西方各工程社团职业伦理章程的制定、实施、评估、修订产生了重要影响。自然主义方法忽视“我”“你”“它”之间关系的生成性与复杂性，继而忽略“我”与自身、“我—你”“我—它”之间丰富而深刻的价值关联，从而导致自然主义方法在真实的工程实践情境中造成“是”与“应当”的断裂。场景叙事研究方法直面工程生活实践本身，一方面从哲学上预演了“做得好”和“活得好”在工程—人—自然—社会存在中结合的可能；另一方面，又通过“我”与“脸”的相遇表达出“我”伦理性存在的意义，同时又以时间为向度确证“好的生活”是“我”同“你”“它”一起的生活。通过构造“我”朝向工程生活的现实践履“应当”的道德意识和伦理诉求，进而认识、理解、接纳“我”“你”“它”在工程—人—自然—社会中多元复杂的价值关联，场景叙事研究方法打通了传统工程伦理研究中“方法的断裂”。

The Identity of “to Be” and “Ought to Be” in Engineering Practice—Rethink and Surpassing about a Naturalism Approach of Engineering Ethics Research

A naturalism approach, which presupposes the identity of“to be”and“ought to be” in engineering practice, has an important influence on formulating, implementing, evaluating and revising professional ethics codes of western engineering societies. However, the naturalism approach ignores the generativity and complexity of the relationship between“I”，“Thou”and “It”，thus neglecting the rich and profound value relevance among“I”，“I-Thou” and“I-It”. Thereby, the naturalism approach causes the fracture between“to be”and“ought to be” in real engineering practice contexts. The approach of contextual narrative is about engineering life practice itself. On the one hand, it philosophically previews the possibility of the combination of“how to do well” and“how to live well” in the whole existence of engineering, human, nature and society. On the other hand, the approach of contextual narrative expresses the meaning of the ethical existence of“I”through the encounter of“I”and“face”，and confirms that the“good life” should live together with“I”，“Thou” and“It” in terms of time. By constructing moral consciousness and ethical appeals that“I”should comply with my duties of“ought to be”toward realities of engineering life, and further understanding, comprehending and accepting diverse and complex value relevance among“I”，“Thou” and “It” in the whole existence of engineering, human, nature and society, the approach of contextual narrative could get through“the fracture of method” in the traditional study of engineering ethics.