名籍、户籍、编户齐民——试论春秋战国时期户籍制度的起源

户籍制度是随着国家的形成而产生的一种社会制度,是国家对人民实行道德教化、经济剥削、人身控制的重要途径。春秋中晚期以前,宗族制度是统治者控制社会的有效手段,完整意义上的户籍制度并不存在,社会组织形态表现为“以丁为户”的名籍;春秋以后,随着血缘关系被地缘关系所取代,宗法政治逐渐转化为郡县政治,“以户定籍”的户籍逐步确立,并在战国时期形成了在中国社会延续了两千余年的编户齐民制度。

Name Register,Household Register,Household Register Management:On the origin of Nation-controlled Census Register System in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

Census register system is a type of social system that formed with the establishment of the nation;it is also the vital access to moralization,economic exploitation and personal control which is carried out to the people by the nation.Before the middle and late stage of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,clan system was the effective way for dominators to govern the whole society.At that time,there was not a clear definition of census register system. The pattern of social membership was expressed in the way of 'one person,one census register'.After the Spring and Autumn Period,Patriarchal clan was transformed into prefecture-county politics with the replacement of sib ship.The census register was established gradually with family as a basic unit.With time past,it became nation-controlled census register system during the Warring States Period,and then lasted for about 2000 years.