民族主义观念的嬗变:系谱论与反系谱论的视角

纵观19世纪以降民族主义思潮的发展历程,总体上可以划分为“系谱论”民族主义观与“反系谱论”民族主义观。“系谱论”民族主义观试图将“进化论原则”与“民族观念”相结合,从历史演化的线索中审视某一民族并分析其不同于其他民族的特性;“反系谱论”民族主义观则强调民族主义研究有其特有的方法论和可能性的历史前提。西方现代民族国家的建构虽然依托于作为意识形态的民族主义,但是在民族共同体范围内的“民族自决”、“民族身份认同”却与政治场域中的“公民权利”、“公民身份认同”发生内在性冲突。系谱论民族主义观侧重于从民族有机体“自然演进”的角度在“时间维度”上解决这一问题,而反系谱论民族主义观则强调要从民族主义意识形态“主体性建构”的空间维度化解这一矛盾,但结果证明,两种民族主义观念都无法顺利走出民族主义所面临的现实困境。

Changes of the Nationalist Ideas: Perspective of Genealogical and Anti-Genealogical Views

The nationalist thoughts since 19~ th century can be generally divided into "genealogical " and "anti-genealogical"views. Trying to combine the "evolutionary principle"with the "national concept", the "genealogical"nationalist view usually focuses ona certain nation and analyzes its distinctivecharacter in its historical evolution, while the "anti-genealogical"nationalist view emphasizes that the study on nationalism has its distinctive methodologyand possible historical premise. The building of modern state in the West depends upon nationalism as its ideology, but the "national self-determination"and the "national identity"in the range of national community conflicts with the "civil rights"and "civilian identity"in the range of politics. The genealogical view tries to solve the problem in "time dimension"from the "natural evolution"of the national organism, while the anti-genealogical view tries to solve the contradiction in "space dimension"from the subjective building of the nationalist ideology. However, it has been proved that neithercan help get rid of the dilemmaof nationalism.