黄侃的古音学:古本声十九纽和古本韵二十八部

古本纽和古本韵是黄侃古音学的基石。本文正面阐述黄侃以代表字的切上字推求古本纽从黄侃所举本声本韵、本声变韵、变声变韵三类代表字概括出推理逻辑式,即从个别到一般,进而在一般意义的逻辑法式上看出黄侃在“求解古本纽”本题时并没有涉及古本韵问题,只是代表字的选择和分类才把韵部作为参照,而这是找代表字,不是找古本纽。从大量的审音表目材料看,也可说黄侃古本纽从中古声类音系系统内部审得,更能表明求古本组与古本韵无关。黄侃把中古开合口一等、四等韵作为上古本韵的选择对象,按此标准在黄侃求证古本韵时列出的作业表：钱玄同《韵摄表》上作业,准确率分别达９７．１％和９１．１％。求古本韵与古本纽无关。以一等韵和四等韵为上古本韵,合乎现代音系学原理。黄侃还中经钱玄同受到高本汉的间接影响。黄侃并没有用循环论证。

Huang Kan's Ancient Phonology: 19 Consonants and 28 Rhymes in the Ancient Times

The different categories of ancient consonants and rhymes are the foundation of Huang Kan 's Ancient Phonology. This article examines Huang's method of looking for 19 consonants through the first character in fan qie. It points out that Huang 's "original consonant and original rhyme", "original consonant and changeable rhyme", and "changeable consonant and changeable rhyme" are based on the logical principle of "from specific to general". This principle enables us to see that Huang did not touch upon ancient rhymes in his seeking of 19 consonants, but only referred to ancient rhymes when he was selecting and classifying representative words (not ancient consonants). Based on a large number of tables examining sounds, the article points out that Huang 's ancient consonants are obtained from the system of middle ancient consonants, which shows that Huang 's ancient consonants are not related to Huang's ancient rhymes. Of the middle ancient rhymes, Huang took the first category and the fourth category (mouth open or closed) as the original ancient rhymes. When this criterion is used to examine Qian Xuantong 's Table of Middle Ancient Rhyme Categories, an accuracy of 97. 1% and 91. 1% can be achieved. This article concludes that seeking original ancient rhymes is unrelated to original ancient consonants, and Huang's taking the first and fourth categories of rhymes as the original ancient rhymes, as opposed to circulative demonstration, is in line with the principle of modem phonology.