西方农业合作社理论文献综述

西方农业合作社的经济学研究以科斯经济学诞生（20世纪60年代）为标志，分为两个阶段。第一阶段以新古典经济学为分析工具研究农业合作社，即农业合作社的均衡分析和边际分析。新古典经济学中存在两种不同的农业合作社理论：一是以Emelianoff和Phillips为代表的理论认为，农业合作社是农场的延伸，是独立的农场主的不完全联合；二是以Enke、Helmberge和Hoos为代表的理论把农业合作社视为企业，是投资者所有企业（IOFs）的变体，合作社的决策主要由经理人员完成。这个时期的研究不足是只注重纯理论模型的比较研究，忽视了合作社的内部制度研究。第二阶段以科斯经济学为分析工具，注重对农业合作社内部制度的研究，认为农业合作社是一系列契约的联结。以博弈论为基础的理论则把农业合作社视为农场主以集体或联合行动追求效用最大化的“联盟”（coalition）。随着成员异质性问题日益突出，“契约”理论和“联盟”理论的应用越来越普遍，这是农业合作社理论研究发展的新趋势。

Western Agricultural Cooperative Theories:A Literary Review

An economic study of the western agricultural cooperatives marked by the born of Coase economics （1960s） can be divided into two phases. In the first phase,the neo-classical economics is used as the analytical tool, that is, the equilibrium analysis and marginal analysis. In the neo-classical economics, there are two different cooperative theories：one is represented by Emelianoff and Phillips, they hold that cooperative is an extension of the member farms; the other is represented by Enke, Helmberge and Hoos, they view cooperatives as an independent business enterprise, a variant of the investor-owned firm （IOF） in which the decision-making part is made by managers. In this phase, pure comparative theoretical models have been the main concern while the most critical internal elements nored. In the second phase, the Coase economics analytical tool is adopted of cooperative have been ig- and the internal system is focused on. Cooperative is viewed as contracts couplings or ＂nexus of contract＂. Theories based on the Game Theory view cooperative as a ＂coalition＂ in pursuit of utility maximization. As the heterogeneity problems of the members have become increasingly prominent, application of the ＂nexus of contract＂ theory and the ＂coalition＂ theory has become common, this marks the new trend of agricultural cooperative research.