城市商人团体与商业秩序——以清代重庆八省客长调处商业纠纷活动为中心

八省客长是清代重庆最具影响力的移民团体兼商人团体。他们曾经参与了大量的商业纠纷调处活动。本文利用清代《巴县档案》对于此类案例进行的研究显示:清代重庆移民团体之间的合作关系,为商业纠纷调处提供了比较有效的协调与缓冲机制,清代重庆的商品经济发展也使商业纠纷调处越来越明显地体现出遵从规则、理清事非、明确责权的独特模式。但是从八省客长调处商业纠纷的具体做法来看,这一团体并没有成为独立于地方官府进行纠纷调处的公共权威,为迎合地方官府的利益诉求而牺牲公平、正义的情况时有出现。另外,本文所研究的案例也反映出:清代重庆市场已经形成了一套多元的规则体系,将国家制定法、商业惯例、契约、官府行政命令、道德观念等多种因素有机地整合于其中,但是当这一规则体系遭遇官府操控的潜规则时,却往往会被后者所干扰和侵蚀。

Business Community and Commercial Order in Chongqing:A Case Study of Commercial Dispute Mediation by Basheng Organization in Qing Dynasty

This paper concentrates on Basheng Organization,most influential business community in Chongqing of the Qing Dynasty,tracing its development,and investigating its commercial dispute-mediation activities.The findings show that,in Chongqing of the Qing Dynasty,the cooperation between the immigrant groups enabled a mechanism of coordination and buffer in commercial dispute mediation.As a consequence of commodity-economy development,there came into being in this city an excellent meditation pattern,which was ru...