爱尔朗型按订单装配系统最优生产——库存控制策略研究

本文研究具有复杂装配结构的爱尔朗型按订单装配(ATO)系统的组件生产与库存优化控制问题。系统涉及多种组件,一个最终产品和多类客户需求。在此系统中,各种组件的生产时间服从爱尔朗分布,各类客户的需求为泊松到达过程。针对不同客户需求类型:产品需求与独立组件需求且同为销售损失型,建立基于马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)的平均总成本模型,应用动态规划方法求解最优策略。仿真模拟方法实现最优策略,并通过数值实验分析多生产阶段和系统参数对最优策略的影响。研究结果表明,爱尔朗型生产时间ATO系统的最优策略为状态依赖型策略,即组件的生产与库存分配由动态基础库存水平值和动态库存配给水平值控制。对于任一组件,其基础库存水平值和库存配给水平值均随着生产阶段的增加而降低,且生产阶段对基础库存水平值和平均总成本的影响较显著。

Research on Optimal Production-Inventory Control Policy for Erlang Assemble-To-Order System

In today's business environment, with the increasing competitiveness of the global market, many manufacturing companies tend to adopt a hybrid operations strategy to deal with a variety of market environments. An assemble-to-order ATO system has emerged and became more popular. Most literature has focused on the production demand system, considering only one type of demand in ATO. However, in real market, there exists individual component demand. For example, in computer market, users not only need the PC, but also need some component such as monitor, keyboard, or hardware to repair or update their computer. That is the background of this paper. Here, two types of demand ATO system are considered: product demand and individual component demand, which are both lost sales. The system produces multiple components with one end product. The production time follows Erlang distribution and demand takes place continuously over time according to an independent Poisson process. The object is to find the optimal controlling policy, and the influence of different production stage on production and inventory allocation. This problem can be formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and the stochastic dynamic programming is used to solve the model. A simulation is applied in our numerical study to find out the optimal policy. In the simulation section, the software Matlab is used to calculate the average cost per period of system. In order to get the more general results, the example that we choose is three-component-four-demand ATO system. The behavior of the optimal production and allocation policies are studied for a variety of cases, each with a different combination of the system parameters. For instance, the lost cost rates of the system satisfy the condition c₀>c₁+c₂+c₃, and loading rate must be:μ_k>λ₀+λ_k,for k=1,2,3. The holding cost rate of the component should be less than the lost sales cost rate, that is h_kk, h_k0, for k=1,2,3. The dynamic programming theory, optimal control theory and numerical calculation method are used to study the existence of the optimal control strategy, and optimal value calculation. Then some results are obtained: the optimal policy of Erlang production time system can be characterized by two thresholds for components: a production base-stock level and an inventory rationing level. For any component, its base-stock level and rationing level are both non-increasing in the production stage. Besides, the influence of production stage on component' base-stock level and on the average cost are significant. Moreover, the impact of different production stages and system parameters on the average cost of the system is also investigated. In this study the decision model that corresponds better to the practical ATO system has been built, the theory has been established and the experimental validation has been carried out. To our knowledge, this study is the first one that works on the optimal policy of Erlang production time ATO system with both individual component demand and end-product demand. The results of Erlang distribution system are important and useful for further research, such as the batch production with batch demands ATO system. In addition, since Erlang production distribution is more approach to the real production time in manufacturing system, our work provides a new view and new method to study ATO system for a general case, thus it is more meaningful.