明代捐纳与监生入仕研究

明代国子监生是文官的后备人才。国子监生经历积分、历事听选等阶段,经由吏部铨选授官。明中后期以来,明廷推行捐监制度,大量捐监生涌现,国子监地位下降。因官位有限,监生淹滞于监中,常候选数年却不得授官;同时明廷财政困难,教育经费紧缺,故而推行监生捐纳铨选入仕制度。监生通过捐纳免历事、听选,遥授、预纳和加纳授官等,虽部分缓解监生长期候选压力,却打乱了监生入仕之平衡,造成铨叙混乱,加剧卖官鬻爵之风的盛行。

Study Juanna and Students Accquire Official Position

Students of Imperial College were reserve talents of civil service in Ming Dynasty.They experienced accumulation,practice and so on,finally got official position by Libu department.During the middle and late Ming Dynasty,the empior began to pursue juanjian system.Students came forward in great numbers,that made students stayed in school.At the same time,the empior pursued juanna in order to relieve financial budget stress.Juanna not only helped students to exempt from practice,but get officials directly.Although it shortened time in waiting for officials,but it confounded the balance,resulted in confusion of the Officials Selection System,which increasing social mode of selling official positions.