侵权法中的机会丧失理论

机会丧失理论即加害人的加害行为导致受害人获得利益或避免损害的机会丧失时,加害人应对此种机会的丧失承担损害赔偿责任的学说。它是对传统侵权法理论的修正和补充,并对损害、因果关系等侵权构成要件的传统学说造成了一定冲击。该理论在英美法系国家以及德国、法国等国的司法实践中多有运用,但关于其适用及其适用范围尚存诸多争议。我国机会丧失案件并不少见,但却没有采纳机会丧失理论。本文在介绍机会丧失理论的内涵及各国发展状况的基础上,着重探讨它在侵权法上适用的法律和政策方面的主要争议,并提出可供我国司法实践借鉴的建议。

The Loss of Chance Doctrine in Tort Law

Loss of chance doctrine is such a doctrine that the inflictor should be liable for the victim's loss of chance of obtaining interests or avoiding damages incurred by his acts.The doctrine has amended and supplemented the traditional tort theory,and has made certain impact on the traditional doctrines of such composing elements of tort as damages and causality.Although the doctrine has been applied in judicial practice of common law countries,Germany and France and some other states,there exist many disputes about its application.Cases concerning the loss of chance are not uncommon in China,but the doctrine has not been adopted yet.Based on a brief introduction of the doctrine's connotation and development,this paper will focus on the legal and policy-related disputes about the application of the doctrine in the domain of tort law,and propose some suggestions for the judicial practice in China.