代际交换:隔代抚养的实质与挑战

隔代抚养是当下普遍存在于我国城乡家庭中祖辈参与或独立抚养孙辈的一种照护形式。根据祖辈投入到抚养孙辈的责任大小、时间长短及角色定位的不同可以将其划分为“部分转让，较完善替代”“部分转让，局部替代”“全部转让，局部替代”以及“全部转让，较完善替代”四种类型。隔代抚养虽然存在诸多问题，但具有现实的合理性和必然性，是理性互惠与利他主义原则的有机结合，包含了物质服务及心理在内的代际传承与代际交换。这种抚养方式促进了家庭人口的流动，增强了家庭代际互动，同时增加了家庭成员的角色冲突与代际矛盾，形塑出新型代际关系。为此，要抛弃隔代抚养剥削论或义务论而强化代际依存和互惠共赢观念，发挥政府在隔代抚养中的政策引导作用，积极整合力量开展广泛的社区照顾服务，增进祖辈老人的社会适应与社会融入问题。

Intergenerational Exchange:the Essence and Challenges of Intergenerational Upbringing

Intergenerational upbringing is a form of care that is now prevalent in urbanand rural families in China,where grandparents participate in or independently raise grandchildren.It can be divided into the four types of "partial transfer,better substitution","partial transfer,partial substitution","all transfer,partial substitution",and "all transfer,better substitution",according to the difference of the responsibility,length of time and role orientation of grandparents' involvement in raising grandchildren.Although there are many problems in intergenerational upbringing,it has realistic rationality and inevitability.It is an organic combination of the principle of rational reciprocity and altruism,including material service and psychological intergenerational inheritance and intergenerational exchange.This upbringing method promotes the mobility of the family population and strengthens the family intergenerational interaction,but at the same time it increases the role conflict and intergenerational contradiction of the family members,forming a new intergenerational relationship.To this end,it is necessary to abandon the theory of intergenerational exploitation or obligationism,strengthen the concepts of intergenerational interdependence,mutual benefit and win-win outcomes,give full play to the role of the government as a policy guide,actively integrate efforts to carry out extensive community care services,and enhance the social adaptation and social integration of grandparents.