初中语文教科书练习系统的演进、反思与展望

练习系统是教科书的重要组成部分,其发展演变过程见证着教学理念的变迁。通过对中华人民共和国成立以来人民教育出版社编辑出版的六套初中语文教科书的分析发现,我国初中语文教科书练习系统的编制经历了一个从政治中心、知识中心到学习者中心不断博弈的过程:党的十一届三中全会之前,初中语文教科书练习系统侧重配合选文内容,形塑意识形态;随着语文学科工具属性的明确,练习系统逐步确立了基础知识的核心地位,但对基本能力、高阶能力的训练不足;党的十一届三中全会之后,练习系统对基础知识、基本能力的考查更加兼顾均衡,对高阶能力的考查日益深化,但也出现了过分追求“双基”体系化的弊端;工具性与人文性大讨论之后,练习系统逐步向“学习任务”转型,近年来开始追求核心素养的“隐性”构建。未来初中语文教科书练习系统的编制应做好如下工作:强化对道德两难问题题型的设计,引导学生在“发现”中建构社会主义核心价值观;精简事实性知识、概念性知识,增加程序性知识、元认知知识;创设语言运用情境,拓展“多维能力进阶”学习任务群的应用范围;开发评价量规,提高开放性学习任务评价的可操作化水平。

The Evolution of the Exercise System in the Junior High School Chinese Textbook

The exercise system is an important part of the textbook,and its development and evolution have witnessed the changes in teaching concepts.Based on the analysis of six sets of junior high school Chinese textbooks by People's Education Press since the founding of New China in 1949,this study suggests that the compilation of exercise system in the junior high school textbook has experienced a continuous game among political centeredness,knowledge centeredness and learner centeredness.Before the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee,the exercise system in the junior middle school Chinese textbooks mainly focused on matching the content of the selected texts and shaping the ideology.With the clarification of the attributes of the language tools,the exercise system gradually established the core position of"basic knowledge",but lack of training for basic abilities and high-level abilities.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee,the exercise system was more balanced between examinations of basic knowledge and basic abilities,and the examination of high-level abilities was intensified.However,there was an excessive pursuit of"dual base"systemization.After the discussion on instrumentality and humanity,the exercise system was gradually transformed into a"learning task".In recent years,it started to pursue the"hidden"construction of key literacy.The exercise system in the future junior middle school Chinese textbooks address moral dilemmas to guide students to construct socialist core values in"discovery",streamline factual and conceptual knowledge,increase the procedural knowledge and metacognitive knowledge,create language use context to expand the application scope of the learning task group of"Multi-dimensional Ability Advancement"and develop evaluation rubrics to improve the operational level of open learning task evaluation.