从国际主义到孤立主义的“回撤”——20世纪20年代美国对欧政策探析

20世纪20年代,美国从国际主义“回撤”,对欧洲政策“回归”孤立主义。美国这样做的根本原因在于其综合国力与当时世界力量的中心欧洲相比还不占据优势,致使美国在国际事务中不能实现其外交政策的主要目标和意图。美国在与欧洲“脱钩”的同时,与欧洲的经济关系中实施关税保护政策。但是,美国对欧洲经济的依赖性促使美国以非官方的、经济外交的方式介入与美国利益攸关的欧洲事务。20世纪20年代,美国对欧洲实行的孤立主义政策在短时期内实现了美国政策制定者的目标,但是从长期来看这不仅损害了国际经贸关系,也最终损害了美国的利益。探讨20世纪20年代美国对欧洲的孤立主义政策,对于理解二战后全面走向国际主义的美国其对外政策中屡屡出现的“回撤”现象,即出现孤立主义的变种,诸如单干主义、单边主义、美国优先、战略收缩乃至当今的“退群”“脱钩”行为与论调等,具有重要的启示意义。

Withdrawing from Internationalism to Isolationism:An Analysis of American Policy towards Europe in the 1920s

In the 1920s,the United States "withdrew" from internationalism and "returned" to isolationism in its European policy. The fundamental reason why the United States did this was that its comprehensive national strength was not superior to that of Europe,the center of world power at that time,which made the United States unable to achieve the main objectives and intentions of its foreign policy in international affairs. At the same time,the United States implemented tariff protection policy in its economic relations with Europe. However,the dependence of the United States on the European economy has prompted the United States to intervene in the European affairs that are of great interest to the United States by economic diplomacy.In the 1920s,the United States'' foreign policy towards Europe achieved the goal of American policy makers in a short period of time,but in the long run,it not only damaged international economic and trade relations,but also ultimately damaged the interests of the United States. To explore the United States'' foreign policy towards Europe in the 1920s is of great significance to understand the phenomenon of internationalism in the American foreign policy since the Second World War.