清代前中期云贵地区政治地理与社会环境

清代前中期对云贵地区实施的府州升降、卫所裁并和改土归流等行政、疆域调整,是中央王朝有效治理边疆和民族地区的具体政治活动表现。通过这些重要活动,清王朝在云贵地区系统地建立起中央行政管理和社会控制体系,并为外来移民的全面进入和深入开发创造了重要条件,对云贵两省社会历史产生重大影响。本文以历史地理和社会史视角,重新审视和构建这些政治过程在不同地区的分布和展开情况,在仔细判读史料基础上,发现清前中期改土归流等政治过程并未对一些地域社会起到完全重构的作用,重建或者说有效填补了一个地域社会没有像学界原来认识的那样理想化呈现。尽管存在着这样的行政管理缺失,但由于移民经济开发的有利环境出现,总体上还是带动了云贵地区社会的深入发展,并最终实现政治制度上的统一趋势。这个发现不仅对历史上中央与地方关系研究有促进作用,而且还对云贵地区清中后期的社会历史进程理解有新的启示。

The Geopolitical and Social Situations of Yunnan and Guizhou Regions in the Early Qing Dynasty

In the first half period of the Qing Dynasty, it is very effectively political performance of the central authorities that the reorganization of fu and zhou, the consolidation of wei and suo, and the reform of the local administrative systems (gai tu gui liu) were carried out in Yunnan and Guizhou regions. Through the reform, central administration and social control system were established there, which provided important conditions for the later immigrants and full development, leaving profound impact on the local history. This paper, from the perspectives of historical geography and social history, carefully examines and restores the progresses of these political activities in various areas. It finds that these activities had not fully played out during the reconstruction in certain regional societies. And their performances were not as ideally carried out as that was hold in academia. Yet with such deficiencies in administrative system, a general in-depth development was still promoted because of the favorable environment brought from the immigrant economy, which finally resulted in the integration of political system. The new break-through not only promotes the research of historical relation of the central and region, but also sheds light on the study of the social and historical processes of Yunnan and Guizhou regions.