我国碳排放权交易处罚规则与履约风险规制路径

统一全国碳排放权交易市场以后，我国制定了《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例（征求意见稿）》，处罚规则和法律责任的规定是预防和规制控排企业因主观意愿拒不履行约定碳减排目标的风险。现行的罚则设计在处罚限度的规定中过于笼统，在权衡法定惩罚标准、违约成本以及履约风险预防水平三者的关系中尚存完善空间。同时，在全国碳市场运行的初期，有效的激励机制可以与适当的处罚规则形成协同效应，但在现有的制度中并未体现。在履约风险的规制路径中，对于因控排企业责任进行的处罚应当明确执法主体自由裁量权的行使尺度，从理论上对倍率式罚款数额作为违法利益追缴的限度予以证成，在实施细则的设计中引入阶梯式处罚标准和逾期不缴的加罚规则，对碳排放权交易过程中重点排放企业的履约风险进行有效规制，加快推进我国《碳排放权交易管理条例》的出台。

The Penalty Rules of Carbon Emissions Trading and the Path of Performance Risk Regulation in China

After unifying the national carbon emissions trading market,China has formulated theInterim Regulations on the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (Draft for Soliciting Opinions).The provisions of punishment rules and legal liability are to prevent and regulate the risk of emission control enterprises refusing to comply with the agreed carbon emission reduction targets due to their subjective will.However,the current penalty design is too general in the provisions of the penalty limit,and there is still room for improvement in weighing the relationship among the legal punishment standard,the cost of breach of contract and the prevention level of performance risk.At the same time,in the initial stage of the operation of the national carbon market,the effective incentive mechanism can form a synergistic effect with the appropriate penalty rules,but it is not reflected in the existing system.In the regulation path of the performance risk,the punishment for the corporate responsibility of controlling the platoon should make clear the exercise scale of the discretion of the law enforcement subject,and theoretically prove the limit of the amount of the double fine as the recovery of the illegal benefits.In the design of the implementation rules,the ladder penalty standard and the overdue penalty rule are introduced to effectively regulate the performance risk of the key emission enterprises in the process of carbon emissions trading.We will speed up the promulgation of the Regulations on the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading in China.