家屋与主客：康定锅庄“女性当家”与“权威中介”的再思考

在历史上,康定锅庄是沟通汉藏贸易特别是边茶运销的关键环节,当地藏语称之为“阿加卡巴”（a-skya-kha-pa）。在既有研究中,学者普遍将康定锅庄视为一种专门的经济组织和中介机构。但是,这种看法并不完整,因为锅庄在“市场之下”还有嵌入社会结构的另一个面向。一方面,锅庄的名号是当地家族的房名,在命名、释义、析分和继承方面都有其独特的社会文化规则;另一方面,锅庄与客商最初的关系并不仅仅是商业伙伴,更有主客的面向。认识到锅庄的这些地方属性有助于澄清学界对锅庄“女性当家”和“权威中介”的误解。实际上,锅庄“女性当家”的现象并非母系社会或性别意识的产物,而是家屋制度下继嗣与婚姻并重的结果;“权威中介”地位的获得也不是出于锅庄在商业上的成就和重要性,而在于锅庄主人的声望,是阿加以主人而非中介身份参与贸易的结果与体现。

The House and Hospitality: Rethinking Kangding Guozhuang as Female-Headed Trade Posts and Authoritative Middlemen

Guozhuang (trade posts) were a key organization on the ancient trade trail of the Tea Horse Road between Sichuan and Tibet. Guozhuang are a-skya-kha-pa in Tibetan, meaning respectable hosts. In the existing research, scholars tend to regard Guozhuang as merely a specialized economic organization or trade brokers, and neglect the embedded social dimension beyond its market function. Guozhuang were always named after distinctive Tibetan family clans to symbolize identity, status and prestige. The inheritance rule of Guozhuang also reflected that the Guozhuang system had transcended the contrasting relations between patrilineal and matrilineal, marriage and succession, descent and selection. The Tibetan name for Guozhuang (a-skya-kha-pa) testified that the original trade-posts and merchants relation was more like the customary relations between hosts and guests, not just trade partnership. Recognizing these attributes helps to clarify two major misunderstandings of Guozhuang. First, the emergence of female hostesses of Guozhuang was not a product of matrilineal institution or gender consciousness, but the result of marriage and succession under the rules of house. Second, the authoritative middlemen status of a Guozhuang was not due to its commercial success, but brought by the reputation of its original hosts. However, the political fragmentation and economic turbulence during Late Qing and Republic of China destroyed the traditional social fabrics, and Guozhuang trade posts eventually became pure commercial broker houses.