论马克思对康德先验时间理论的继承和超越

马克思的社会历史条件下的实践时间是一种原初的时间，是人与自然界显现的条件，因此，就时间作为经验的显现条件而言，马克思继承了康德的先验时间理论。但马克思的先验时间对康德的先验时间有三重超越。第一，马克思通过社会历史时间和实践时间的内容性，超越了康德先验时间的形式化、量化特征，实现了一种更优先的先验时间建构，并且包含更细致的对人的生存的关怀；第二，马克思通过其社会历史时间和实践时间，克服了主观先验时间带来的物自体概念，超越了主观时间对道德起源与结果解释的缺位，并且为主观时间本身奠基；第三，马克思的先验时间超越了康德先验时间的固化，实现了先验时间的自我建构，克服了固化时间在时间的唯一性和同时性等方面的局限性，扬弃了因果时间造成的显象界的不自由，以社会历史中的实践时间的不断进化超越了康德先验时间的故步自封。

On Marx's Inheritance and Transcendence of Kant's Theory of Transcendental Time

The transcendental time expounded in Marx’s theory includes practical time and social history time. The transcendentality of practical time means that both matter and spirit are produced and manifested on the basis of practical activities. The transcendentality of social history time means that people, nature and practical activities occur, develop and emerge under certain social history conditions. Therefore, as far as time is considered to be the condition for the manifestation of experience, Marx inherited Kant’s theory of transcendental time.However, Marx’s transcendental time has triple transcendences over Kant’s transcendental time. Firstly, Marx’s practical time and social history time involve content, surpassing the formal characteristics of Kant’s transcendental time. Marx’s practical time includes specific labor content and survival content, surpassing Kant’s quantitative time in its authenticity and transcendentality. Marx’s social history time includes rich contents of production relations, surpassing Kant’s formal time in its transcendentality and humanistic concern.Secondly, Marx’s practical time and social history time are superior to Kant’s transcendental time towing to the subjectivity of the latter. Marx’s practical time reflects man’s positive existence and development space, and also provides the basis for the manifestation of the object, and therefore transcends the concept of thing itself constructed by subjective transcendental time. Marx’s social history time reflects objective subjectivization and subjective objectification, and also transcends the subjectivization of time. More importantly, Marx’s social history time overcomes Kant’s absence of subjective time in the interpretation of moral origin and consequence, and lays the foundation for subjective time itself.Thirdly, Marx’s transcendental time is superior to Kant’s solidified transcendental time, and realizes the self-construction of transcendental time. The solidification of Kant’s transcendental time is reflected in the solidification of time mode and the uniqueness of time. But unlike Kant’s transcendental time, Marx’s practical time is developmental and non-unique, which overcomes the limitations of solidified time in terms of integrity and simultaneity. Marx’s transcendental time reveals the dynamic development of transcendental time through the development of time mode, overcomes the drawbacks of Kant’s chain causality, and sublates the non-freedom in the causal world. Therefore, Marx’s transcendental time evolved with practical time and is superior to the contentedness of Kant’s transcendental time.Marx inherited and elevated Kant’s transcendental time philosophy to the height of content, reality and development, thereby overcoming the defects of Kant’s transcendental time. Marx’s inheritance and development of Kant’s time philosophy is an important development of time philosophy, which not only highlights the truth of historical materialism’s concept of time, but also provides an important enlightenment for the development of modern and contemporary time philosophy.