虔敬主义伦理与普鲁士官僚制精神

理性化在韦伯思想中占据着重要位置，然而韦伯对行政领域理性化（即官僚制的出现）的论述并没有像对经济领域理性化（即资本主义的诞生）的分析那般细致和系统，尤其是韦伯没有如揭示资本主义精神背后的加尔文宗教义那样，揭示官僚制的宗教伦理基础。通过重返被韦伯视为理性官僚制典型的普鲁士官僚制于17—19世纪的演变过程，可以发现路德宗虔敬主义在此扮演着重要角色，并且对普鲁士官僚制精神的兴衰起到了重要作用，由此可以启发我们从官僚化的价值伦理角度对韦伯的官僚制理论进行补充。

The Pietist Ethic and the Spirit of Prussian Bureaucracy

Rationalization occupies a central place in Max Weber's thought. However, Weber's discussion of rationalization in the administrative sphere (i.e., the emergence of modern bureaucracy) is not as detailed and systematic as his analysis of rationalization in the economic sphere (i.e., the birth of capitalism). Specifically, Weber did not reveal the religious and ethical basis behind the emergency of rational bureaucracy as he did with Calvinism behind the spirit of capitalism. In Weber's Economy and Society, the discussion of the administrative rationalization seems to make a "leap" of argument from the economic to the administrative sphere, which seems not particularly illuminating to our understanding of the complexity of the administrative rationalization, especially its underlying ethics. Therefore, in this paper we first return to the historical context in which Weber's theory of bureaucratization came into being, namely the Prussian bureaucracy from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. By looking into the historical process of rationalization in the Prussian administration, we explore the important role of Pietist ethics in the rise and fall of the spirit of the Prussian bureaucracy. The study offers an analysis of how Pietism shaped the Prussian bureaucracy through its religious doctrines of "emotion", "worldliness", and "authority". In so doing, the paper touches upon a topic that is not addressed by Weber in his theory of bureaucracy. Finally, we discuss the differences between the spirit of bureaucracy and the spirit of capitalism, and the possible interactions between the two processes, and propose the possibility of exploring the interplay between rationalization processes in different social domains for future research.