明清南京地区疫病流行及相关因素研究

梳理明清时期南京地区疫病情况，共有82个年份发生疫病，集中在明崇祯年间、嘉靖年间、万历年间和清光绪年间、乾隆年间、道光年间；明代好发于夏季，清代好发于夏、秋两季，以单一季节为主；疫病多集中在上江两县，明嘉靖三年(1524)和清光绪十九年(1893)疫病流行区域最广。清末南京地区发生最多的疫病是霍乱，其次为疟疾和痢疾。影响明清南京地区疫病发生和流行的主要因素是气候异常、旱灾、饥荒、水灾、地震及战争等。提示在健全完善公共卫生防疫体系时，必须重视保护和改善生态环境。

Study on the Epidemic Diseases and Related Factors in Nanjing in Ming and Qing Dynasties

The epidemic diseases occurred in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing dynasties in 82 years, concentrated in the Chongzhen year, Jiajing year, and Wanli year of the Ming dynasty, as well as the Guangxu year, Qianlong year, and Daoguang year of the Qing dynasty. The epidemic usually occurred in summer in the Ming dynasty. However, in the Qing dynasty, it usually occurred in summer and autumn, mainly in a single season. The epidemic was mostly concentrated in Shangjiang County, and the epidemic was most widespread in the third year of Jiajing in the Ming dynasty (1524) and the nineteenth year of Guangxu in the Qing dynasty (1893). The most frequent epidemic in Nanjing in the late Qing dynasty was cholera, followed by malaria and dysentery. The main factors affecting the occurrence and prevalence of epidemics in Nanjing in the Ming and Qing dynasties were climatic anomalies, drought, famine, floods, earthquakes, and war. It is suggested that in improving the epidemic prevention system for public health, attention must be paid to protecting and improving the ecological environment.