试论北宋时期过度集权及其影响

宋初,接受中晚唐五代历史教训,加强了中央集权,这是必要的和有积极意义的。但由于历史的惯性,当时这种加强存在矫枉过正的问题。在宋朝政权巩固以后,特别是宋辽议和以后,本应逐步纠正矫枉过正即过度集权的问题,但宋朝统治者未能与时俱进,及时调整政策,相反,却继续加强集权,从而给国家管理造成种种弊端。这种过度集权表现为朝廷大臣不能独当一面,将从中御,上下级官员隶属关系混乱,地方政权软弱无力等。过度集权弱化和模糊了管理层次,使管理僵化、脱离实际,不但在当时造成恶果,而且对整个宋代造成恶劣影响。对此宋人已有较深刻的分析和认识。

On the Over-Centralization and Its Effect in the Northern Song Dynasty

Since the founding of Song Dynasty,the ruler draw a historical lesson from the middle-late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties,and strengthened the centralized state power.This measure was justified,reasonable and positive.However,this act which reached the degree of overcorrect could not stopped,so it appeared an obvious,over-centralized state power.The conspicuous manifestation is that ministers could not take charge of the whole locality;military power was confused;management lacked unity and coherence;the relation of subordination was loosely organized;the local government lacked necessary administrative power.This type of centralized power had consolidated in the Song Dynasty,especially after Song-Liao negotiation.This should be put right,but the ruler could not amend the national policy according to the changed situation.On the contrary,the ruler strengthened it in most aspects of national policy.This over-centralized management caused serious social evil.Moreover,that caused a harmful effect on the later generation's social and political development.So Song had a deep recognition of it.