北宋熙宁七年的天人之际——社会生态史的一个案例

雨水本是一种自然现象,它对人们的生产和生活有着直接的影响。中国自古以农立国,在传统的农业社会里,农业的收成,乃至国家的兴衰,很大程度上取决于自然条件,特别是其中的雨水条件,对于农业和江山社稷的重视使得中国人十分关注自然界中的雨水情况。但在传统中国,雨水又不完全是一种单纯的自然现象,雨水被视为有意识的人间主宰者天所发出的一种信号,被赋予了许多自然以外的意义。雨水之发生与否往往又被看作是人事的结果,而雨水发生之后,所采取的各种措施,又进一步放大了雨水的作用。因此,雨水在中国人与自然的历史中占据十分重要的位置。历朝列代都十分注意雨水状况,并在做出相应解读的基础上,采取不同的措施。一部雨水的历史,也是一部统治者统治国家的历史。宋代熙宁七年的事例就展示了古人对于雨水的认识,社会在面对灾害性天气时所做出的反应等。

A Case Study for Ecological and Social History: The Year 1074

Rainfall as a phenomenon of nature affects directly agricultural production and the people' s daily life.Since China is an agricultural country depending mainly on natural condition,especially the rainfall,Chinese people concerned very much about the rainfall from the ancient period.They thought that raining was not only a natural phenomenon but also a warning message from the Heaven to human being on the earth when they did some things wrong.So when they took some measures after water logging and drought,they believed that often magnified effect of rain.Rainfall was a very important role in Chinese history so all dynasties paid much attention to rainfall,the history of rainfall,and slate management of rainfall.Comparing with the case in Korea,it dis- cusses the ancient Chinese knowledge of rainfall,the slate' s response when rainfall occurs,and the role of science and technology on the year 1074 in Song dynasty.It also explains the reason why the rain- gauge had been invented by Tang- Song Chinese peo- ple but did not get actually used.