近代自然法的自我扬弃--霍布斯、卢梭和康德自然法理论对黑格尔法哲学的三个启示

探讨近代自然法理论和黑格尔法权思想的关系时，以往的研究主要关注后者对前者的批判，本文则尝试换一个角度谈谈二者的承继关系。黑格尔将自由意志的理念规定为实现社会生活与政治结构中理性法则的存在论起点，这是深受近代自然法理论影响的结果，这一影响突显于近代自然法对黑格尔的三个启示：霍布斯认为自然法在自然状态中无法彻底施行，我们要贯彻自然法就要把自然权利的世界转变为市民法的世界，这启示黑格尔关注自然状态的否定作用；卢梭提出通过普遍意志为社会生活与政治制度的奠定基础，在普遍意志之上建立一个新的自然法，这启示黑格尔思考用新的自然法来保障现实社会的自由；康德提出通过个体的理性自由意志构建合理的社会生活和政治体制，这启示黑格尔把自由的理性法则归之于意志，并且采用自由的理性法则来显示权利或法的内容。

Self-sublation of Natural Law---Thought-Three revelations from the Theory of Modern Natural Laws to Hegel

When it comes to the relationship between modern natural laws and rights of Hegel, the past researches always focused on the latter’ s criticism on the former. The paper tries to concentrate on the inheritance between them. The free will is the begin-ning to realize the reasonable laws of society and political structures by Hegel, which was influenced by modern natural laws. The in-fluence brought three revelations to Hegel: Hobbs thought that the natural laws could not be operated properly under natural condi-tions. People were supposed to carry out natural laws only if they turned the world of natural rights to the world of civil rights, which inspired Hegel to pay attention to the denial function of natural conditions. Rousseauput that a new natural law was founded on the ba-sis of a political system, which inspired Hegel to use new natural laws to protect the freedom of society. Kant considered that a reason-able social and political system was composed of individual rationality, which inspired Hegel to put free rationality back to the free will and adopted free and rational laws to illustrate the contents of rights or the laws.