东晋时期对玄化任诞士风的反省与批判思潮

鉴于西晋“清谈误国”的深刻教训，反省和批判玄化士风及其社会危害成为东晋时期一种或隐或显的时代思潮。其中既有门阀士族社会朝廷当轴执政者和地方军政人物对玄化风气的指责和矫正；也有出自寒门阶层、崇尚刑名法术的文吏之士对“清谈误国”的抗议，表现出强烈的务实作风；更多的则是一些崇尚儒学的思想人物对玄学流行有损儒家礼法制度的激烈批判。这种反省与批评思潮，就时间段而言，虽贯穿于东晋一代，但以东晋前期最为集中。就思想倾向而言，虽有高级士族阶层玄化名士，但以崇奉儒学和刑名的思想人物为多。就侨人与南人的分别而言，南人不仅所占比例颇高，而且言论激烈。这些特点，都是由当时社会文化背景所决定的。同时东晋时期的主流士风仍然趋于玄化，这也决定了这一反省与批判思潮在社会影响方面的诸多局限性。

Self-reflection on and Criticism of the Metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty

The harm of empty talk in the Western Jin Dynasty resulted in the self-reflection and criticism of the metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is true that some of criticism came from the office holders and military leaders from the eminent clans who wanted to rectify the fashion of empty talking, and the clerks of humble origins who favored rule of law and down-to-earth attitude, but more often than not the strongest criticism came from Confucians who strongly resented the metaphysical defiance of Confucian rituals and systems. Such self-reflection and criticism continued in the whole Eastern Jin Dynasty, even thought they were the strongest in the early period. The critics were mainly scholars favoring Confucianism and Legalism, even though some were from metaphysical celebrities from the upper class. The critics included both the southerners and the northerners who moved to the south, but most were the more radical southerners. Such characteristics were due to the then social and cultural background, but as the mainstream scholars tended to be metaphysical, the self-reflection and criticism had many limitations.