国家、科举与家族：以明代宁波杨氏为中心的考察

在一个政府力量十分强势的时代,一个家族的发达与否,取决于与政府是否合作。在汉人当政的宋朝,杨氏乐与朝廷合作,出了一些官员。到了蒙古人统治时期,则坚决不出仕,表现出较强的民族气节思想。不乐出仕习惯影响的结果,让这个家族在元代没有政治人物。进入汉人重新掌权的明朝,因打击豪右政策而受到牵连。虽然有人想走科举之路,但准备不足,成功率低。直到明中叶才有突破,一门出了两个尚书、两个侍郎。此后百年左右,杨氏成为宁波科举大家族。正德以后,偶有人中举,固然有杨氏后裔退化因素,也与宁波科举教育不受重视的大环境变化有关。

Country,Imperial Examination,Family:An Investigation into the Yang's of Ningbo in the Ming Dynasty

In autocratic societies whether a family thrived largely depended on whether it compromised with the government.In the Song Dynasty,due to Yang Shile＇s compromise with the Court,the Yang＇s family produced several officials.When the time elapsed into the Yuan Dynasty,the Yang＇s declined to take officialdom to serve the Mongols.In the mid-Ming Dynasty,the Yang＇s produced two ministers and two Shilang.Within 100 years thereafter the Yang＇s family gained fame in imperial examinations.After the Zhengde period,few people of the family passed the feudal examinations,party due to the fact that the locals in Ningbo did not attach importance to imperial education.