姓氏、语言、相貌、性情、禁忌、教育——康乾时期燕行使眼中关于满族的几个问题

康乾时期,来到中国的燕行使记录了他们的所见所闻。这些文字是研究该时期满族的珍贵资料。在燕行使眼中,一、满族人的姓氏是个很难把握的问题;此时满姓正在向汉字姓改变。二、满语满文曾一度兴盛,但从乾隆晚期开始则出现被汉语言文字替代的迹象。三、一般满族人"丰伟长大",相貌因家族而异,没有统一特征。四、与汉族相比,满族人"少文"而"淳实",有时也因特权而有些霸道。五、满族禁止虐狗,禁止捕杀乌鸦、喜鹊,也禁止坐西炕。六、满族很重视子弟教育,通过设立各种学堂为子弟读书骑射提供条件。

Family Name, Language, Appearance, Temperament, Taboo and Education --Yan Exercise about the Manchu in the Period of Kangxi and Qianlong Period

Yan exercise came China and recorded what they observed and heard in the period of Kangxi and Qianlong.This text is valuable information to study the period of Manchu.In the eyes of Yan exercise,Manchu surname was difficult to grasp;Manchu family name was changed into Han surnames in this period.Second,the Manchu language and text once flourished,but it began to be replaced by Han language in the late of Qianlong period.General Manchu was "full length" appearance because of family,there are no uniform characteristics.Comparing with the Han,Manchu is the lack of cultural and soon-real,some of them were arrogant because of their privileges.Manchu bans to abuse dogs,prohibits killing crow and magpie,prohibits sitting west kang.Manchu attaches important to children education through establishment of schools to provide for studying,riding and shooting.