伯纳德·威廉斯对功利主义的批判

威廉斯基于个人完整性在伦理生活中的重要性指出,功利主义由于使个人与其道德情感、行为相异化,并对个人提出过于苛刻的要求,从而侵犯了个人完整性,是一种不合理的道德理论。对此,有人认为威廉斯的完整性概念及其地位是值得怀疑的;有人认为功利主义未必与个人完整性相冲突;还有人认为所有道德理论而不仅仅是功利主义都必然侵犯个人完整性,个人完整性不能作为评判道德理论的尺度。这几种回应要么对威廉斯的批评不能构成根本的威胁,要么自身站不住脚,因此,不能为功利主义或一般而言的后果论提供辩护。

Bernard Williams vs.Utilitarianism:Critiques and Responses

Bernard Williams emphasizes the importance of integrity in ethical life.According to Williams,utilitarianism will violate personal integrity,and it is a kind of too demanding and unreasonable ethical theory in that it makes individual alienate from his or her moral feelings and behaviors.In response,some theorists believe that Williams' concept of integrity and its significance are dubious;some theorists holds that utilitarianism will not be in conflict with integrity necessarily;others argue that not only ...