略论李贽对"圣教"的依违及其原因

张问达劾奏李贽的罪名,一是以歪理邪说惑乱人心,二是诽孔谤圣,三是行为不检有伤风化,四是倡言佛法危及圣教。前两条是关键所在。但李贽在回答锦衣卫审讯时却说自己于圣教"有益无损"。如何看待二者的矛盾?李贽从本质上说是个儒家信徒,儒家的道德信条始终是他难以割舍的文化脐带。无论是与人辩难还是待人接物、评判人物,儒家所倡导的忠孝节义一直是他所持的价值准绳。他推崇忠义甚至愚忠,赞扬节孝甚至愚孝。但他并非恪守儒家祖训,而是充满质疑精神,表现为常人难以理解的异端色彩。他指斥儒生的空疏无用,反对以孔子的是非为是非,反对轻视妇女的偏见,对一些历史人物的评价也往往不合于正统的评价标准。李贽观点的自相抵牾,原因是复杂的。首先与他反对一切束缚、对自尊自适的自由人格追求有关,其次源于他著书立说时很少考虑社会效果而务求快心适性、追求真言真趣,再次与他立言的欲望相联系,另外还直接渊源于他对心学的热衷与向往。

On Lizhi's Betrayal of "Divinity" and Its Reason

The crimes that Lizhi had committed exposed by Zhangwenda through presenting a memorial included: firstly, they confused and poisoned people's minds in a way of false reasoning and heretical ideas; secondly, they slandered the doctrine of Confusius; thirdly, they were bad behaviors and disturbed the morals and manners; fourthly, they advocated the Boddhist doctrine and destroyed Confucian classics. The former two were the key points. Otherwise, when answering the interrogation of the Embroidered-Uniform Guard, Lizhi insisted that his ideas " have more advantages than bad effects". How to deal with the conflicts between them? Lizhi was in nature the disciple of the Confucianism, and the doctrine of Confucian school became always the cultural umbilical cord which he could not part with. Confucianists always held up the four aspects of loyalty, filial piety, chastity and justice as their rules of moral values on whatever aspects, such as formal retort with others, the way of getting along with people and evaluating others. He persisted in loyalty and justice even in the excessive way, and did the same on filial piety and chastity. However, he liked more questioning than scrupulously abided by the old doctrine, and therefore expressed his incredible heterodoxy color. He criticized the hollowness and uselessness of the Confucianists, objected to believing entirely the right and wrong of Confucius, opposed the bias of discriminating women, and sometimes, their evaluation toward some historical fellows tended to run off from the normal rules. The ideas of Lizhi were self-contradictive, and the reasons of it were complicated. First of all, they were related to his pursue of freedom in personality; then they originated in his less concern of social effect and seek solely facts and the real feeling in his works; Moreover, they had the relations with his desire of setting up his beliefs; finally they directly originated from his pursue of psychology.