试述《清实录》史料的来源与流向

清代承继此前的史学传统,建立了史料储备和征集制度,为《清实录》的修纂提供了丰富而可靠的原始材料,使实录成为清代史料的一大总汇,经过它的编辑和纂修,清史杂乱的档案得到第一次清楚的梳理,并以易查易读的特点为后人所重视,或摘录,或取用,或改编,或融汇,成为《清圣训》《东华录》《清国史》《清史稿》《清会典则例》《皇朝文献通考》和《皇朝续文献通考》等一系列清史著作的史料来源。从清代整个史学史的发展过程来看,所有官方史书乃至私修史书,基本上都遵循原始档案—《清实录》—清代国史—各种下游史书的史料流程,形成史料讲究、史实可信的史书系列。虽然难免有史料重复、辗转传抄之弊,但也保证了史源可靠和来源明了的特性。

On the Source and Flow of the Historical Materials of Qing Dynasty Memoir

The Qing Dynasty inherited previous historiography tradition,and established its historical data storage and collection system,which provided the compiling of the book the Qing Dynasty Memoir with abundant and reliable original materials and made the Memoir a great confluence of the historical data of the Qing Dynasty.With its edition and compilation,the tanglesome archives of the history of the Qing Dynasty were given a distinct review for the first time,and it was seen as something significant by the later generations in the sense of its easy-to-read and easy-to-research features.It was extracted,partly taken into use,adapted or integrated.It becomes the source of Instruction of Qing Dynasty,DongHua Record,The History of Qing Dynasty,Draft of Qing History,Statutes of the Qing Dynasty,Documents of Qing Dynasty,Documents of Qing Dynasty Sequel,and a series of Qing history writings.In the development process of the whole Qing history,all the official records,even privately compiled historical records,generally keep to such a historical material flowing process: the original files——Qing Dynasty Memoir——National History of Qing Dynasty and all kinds of downstream historical records,and then comprising a series of books which contain meticulous historical materials and authentic historical facts.Although there are drawbacks such as repeated recordings of same historical facts and inevitable cheating,it also ensures the characteristics of reliable historical sources and identified sources.