国际能源机构应急石油管理制度对我国的启示

应急石油共享体系是国际能源机构的核心制度，也是国际能源机构各种应急反应机制的衍生基础和合法性根 源。国际能源机构原初设计的应急共享体系是具有法律约束力的正式制度，对成员国具有强制力和约束力。尽管第 二次石油危机的供应中断程度没有达到全面激活应急共享体系的标准，但危机仍然造成了非常严重的经济损失，国际 能源机构原初设计的应急共享体系暴露出灵活性不足的缺陷，制度改革和调整势在必行。经过40 年的制度变迁，国 际能源机构的应急石油管理制度已经能够灵活应对各种层次和规模的供应中断危机。应急石油管理制度变迁呈现三 大特点，即：制度调整的非正式路径、运用政治而非法律手段解决争端、成员国日益重视市场功能在危机应对中的作 用。国际能源机构应急石油共享体系的制度设计、制度变迁特征以及危机管理实践经验为我国设计和运行应急石油 管理制度提供了有益的启示。

Inspiration of Emergency Oil Management System of International Energy Agency for China

Emergency Sharing System，the crucial system of IEA（International Energy Agency），is the basis and the legal origin of all kinds of emergency response system of IEA. IEA’s Emergency Sharing System was originally designed to be a formal institution with legal binding obligations and has coercive binding power for member states. Although the Second Oil Crisis didn’t reach the point of fully activating Emergency Sharing System，the crisis caused a great economic loss and revealed that the System was defective due to its lack of flexibility，and that reform and adaptation of the System is imperative. After 40 years of development，IEA’s Emergency Oil Management System has successfully responded to multi-level oil supply disruptions flexibly. The change of Emergency Oil Management System displays three characteristics: the informal path of system adaptation，dispute settlement through political means instead of law and increasing attention of member states to the effect of market function in crisis response. The design and development of Emergency Sharing System，together with IEA’ s experience in oil crisis management would provide lessons for China to learn in designing and operating its emergency oil management system.