Cross-national variation in the social origins and religious consequences of religious non-affiliation |
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| Institution: | 1. Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kumamoto, Japan;2. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan;3. Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;4. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK;5. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;1. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Social Policy Research Unit, PO BOX 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland;2. University of Turku, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, 20014, Finland;1. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA;2. Survey Methodology Program/Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA |
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| Abstract: | I argue that the social implications of religious non-affiliation vary across cultural contexts, leading to differences across nations in both who is likely to be unaffiliated and the religious consequences of such non-affiliation. I test these propositions by examining cross-national variation in associations with non-affiliation using multilevel models and cross-sectional survey data from almost 70,000 respondents in 52 nations. The results indicate that: 1) both individual characteristics (gender, age, and marital status) and nation-level attributes (GDP, communism, and regulation of religion) strongly predict religious non-affiliation; 2) differences in non-affiliation by individual-level attributes—women vs. men, old vs. young, and married vs. single—are greatest in nations with low levels of religious regulation and high levels of economic development; and 3) the effect of religious non-affiliation on religiosity varies considerably by the political and religious context, and to a lesser extent by the level of economic development in each nation. These results highlight cultural variation in what it means to be religiously unaffiliated. |
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| Keywords: | Religion Secular International Multilevel analysis |
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