从"行"到商会 --宋以后商人社会管理中的官民互动

作为官方认可并向官方承担义务的"行",因官方需求无限增加,行户纷纷脱离而衰落.商人们建立起以同乡关系为纽带的会馆,以维护自己权益,形成了官牙外的自我管理.官府除了颁布政策规范牙行行为、禁止私牙设立外,逐渐让会馆合法化.会馆也纷纷向政府申请备案,承担部分社会管理责任.商会成为商人们的领导机构后,会馆也多演化为商会的团体会员,或转化为同业公会.总体上看,商人的管理经历了官方管理到民间自我管理,再到官方强化对商人的管理的循环上升过程.

From "Guilds" to Chambers of Commerce: The Reciprocation Between Officials and Merchants in the Social Management since the Song Dynasty

"Guilds", founded in the Song Dynasty under the governmental sanction had to undertake some obligations. Because of the boundless demand by the government, guild members detached themselves from the guild and the guilds were on the wane. Merchants set up regional guild halls, which relied on ties of townsmen and defended their common interest, and developed their self management beyond governmental control. The government admitted their legitimate rights after formulating some policies for official guilds. Many regional guild halls applied for the approval by the government. After chambers of commerce became merchants' leading organization, many regional guild halls became group members of chambers of commerce or some business unions. So the management went through a cycle-upward process, which was from governmental management, to nongovernmental management and to stronger governmental management.