承袭与变异：明清督抚制度述论

明清督抚制度当承袭周秦以来的近官以京秩出监地方的监察制度,它与汉代刺史制度、使者巡行制度、唐代节度使制度等都有着历史上的渊源。明代巡抚制度萌芽于建文时,基本确立于宣德时期。总督制度是在巡抚制度普遍推行的基础上形成的,其基本特征是跨省置督,总领地方。清初的督抚也是出于监察地方和督察军事的初衷而署置的。作为封疆大吏的总督,其权力和职掌在镇压太平天国等农民起义和洋务运动及其以后的变局进一步膨胀起来。在承袭与变异的过程中所形成的明清督抚制度,其演变有着历史渊源、动力机制、制度机理和路径依赖,它是中国古代监察官地方官化的典型个案,对我国近现代地方政治制度和中央与地方的关系无疑产生了深远的影响。

Inheritance and Variation on the Governor and Inspector System of Ming and Qing Dynasties

The governor and inspector system of Ming and Qing follows courter offcial inspecting locality system,which has much to do with the "Cishi-system ,emissary-system in Han dynasty and Jie-du-shi system in Tang dynasty.The governor-inspector system of Ming originates in the Jianwen imperial and is basically established in the "Xuan-de period". The governor-inspector system is interited by Qing to inspect locality and to control the local military forces. The great power of the governor inspector expands and strengthens during the crackdown of the peasants'risings and "the Learning-from-forien nations movement".The changings of the governor-inspectors have their historic source,power-system,institution-reason,dependence-path,which is an typical case during courter-localization in Chinese ancient political institution.The governor-inspector-system in Ming and Qing period has an important influence on the Chinese ancient local political institution,especially on the relationship between the central govevnment and local governments.